The Constitution of India
The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the country. It lays down the framework, powers, functions, and responsibilities of the government while ensuring the fundamental rights, duties, and freedom of every citizen. Adopted on 26th November 1949 and enforced on 26th January 1950, it transformed India into a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic.
Often referred to as the “Bible of Indian Democracy”, the Constitution is the foundation on which the nation operates. With 448 Articles, 25 Parts, 12 Schedules, and numerous amendments, it is the longest written constitution in the world.
In this blog, we will explore the history, features, structure, significance, and amendments of the Indian Constitution in detail.
What is the Constitution of India?
When India became independent in 1947, our founding fathers needed to create a set of rules for running our entire country. This set of rules became known as the Constitution of India.
The Constitution of India is like a guidebook that tells us how our country should be governed, what rights we have as citizens, what duties we must follow, and how different parts of the government should work together. It's not just any ordinary book – it's the supreme law of our land, which means all other laws must follow what the Constitution says.
Think of the Constitution as the foundation of a building. Just as a strong foundation supports the entire structure, our Constitution supports our entire democratic system. It protects our rights, ensures justice, and helps maintain peace and order in our diverse country.
Parts of the Constitution of India
The Constitution of India is divided into 25 Parts, each focusing on a specific aspect of governance and law. Here are some of the key Parts:
| Part | Articles | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Part I | Articles 1–4 | The Union and its Territory |
| Part II | Articles 5–11 | Citizenship |
| Part III | Articles 12–35 | Fundamental Rights |
| Part IV | Articles 36–51 | Directive Principles of State Policy |
| Part IV-A | Article 51A | Fundamental Duties |
| Part V | Articles 52–151 | The Union |
| Part VI | Articles 152–237 | The States |
| Part VII | Repealed | States in Part B (Removed) |
| Part VIII | Articles 239–242 | Union Territories |
| Part IX | Articles 243–243O | Panchayats |
| Part IX-A | Articles 243P–243ZG | Municipalities |
| Part IX-B | Articles 243ZH–243ZT | Co-operative Societies |
| Part X | Articles 244–244A | Scheduled & Tribal Areas |
| Part XI | Articles 245–263 | Union-State Relations |
| Part XII | Articles 264–300A | Finance & Property |
| Part XIII | Articles 301–307 | Trade & Commerce |
| Part XIV | Articles 308–323 | Services |
| Part XIV-A | Articles 323A–323B | Tribunals |
| Part XV | Articles 324–329A | Elections |
| Part XVI | Articles 330–342 | Special Provisions |
| Part XVII | Articles 343–351 | Official Language |
| Part XVIII | Articles 352–360 | Emergency Provisions |
| Part XIX | Articles 361–367 | Miscellaneous |
| Part XX | Article 368 | Amendment |
| Part XXI | Articles 369–392 | Temporary Provisions |
| Part XXII | Articles 393–395 | Short Title & Repeals |
List of All Articles (1-395) of Indian Constitution
| Article | Description |
|---|---|
| PART I: THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY | |
| Article 1 | Name and territory of the Union |
| Article 2 | Admission or establishment of new States |
| Article 2A | Repealed |
| Article 3 | Formation of new States and alteration of boundaries |
| Article 4 | Supplemental and consequential provisions |
| PART II: CITIZENSHIP | |
| Article 5 | Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution |
| Article 6 | Rights of migrants from Pakistan |
| Article 7 | Rights of migrants to Pakistan |
| Article 8 | Citizenship of persons abroad |
| Article 9 | Loss of citizenship on acquiring foreign citizenship |
| Article 10 | Continuance of citizenship rights |
| Article 11 | Parliament’s power to regulate citizenship |
| Article | Description |
|---|---|
| PART III: FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS | |
| General | |
| Article 12 | Definition |
| Article 13 | Laws inconsistent with Fundamental Rights |
| Right to Equality | |
| Article 14 | Equality before law |
| Article 15 | Prohibition of discrimination |
| Article 16 | Equality in public employment |
| Article 17 | Abolition of Untouchability |
| Article 18 | Abolition of titles |
| Right to Freedom | |
| Article 19 | Freedom of speech and expression |
| Article 20 | Protection in criminal cases |
| Article 21 | Protection of life and personal liberty |
| Article 21A | Right to education |
| Article 22 | Protection against arrest and detention |
| Right against Exploitation | |
| Article 23 | Prohibition of human trafficking and forced labour |
| Article 24 | Prohibition of child labour |
| Freedom of Religion | |
| Article 25 | Freedom of conscience and religion |
| Article 26 | Manage religious affairs |
| Article 27 | No tax for promotion of religion |
| Article 28 | Religious instruction in institutions |
| Article | Description |
|---|---|
| Cultural and Educational Rights | |
| Article 29 | Protection of interests of minorities |
| Article 30 | Right of minorities to establish educational institutions |
| Article 31 | Repealed |
| Saving of Certain Laws | |
| Article 31A | Saving of laws relating to estates |
| Article 31B | Validation of certain Acts |
| Article 31C | Saving of laws implementing Directive Principles |
| Article 31D | Repealed |
| Right to Constitutional Remedies | |
| Article 32 | Remedies for enforcement of Fundamental Rights |
| Article 32A | Repealed |
| Article 33 | Parliament can modify rights for armed forces |
| Article 34 | Restrictions during martial law |
| Article 35 | Legislation to give effect to this Part |
| Article | Description |
|---|---|
| PART IV: DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY | |
| Article 36 | Definition |
| Article 37 | Application of the principles |
| Article 38 | Social order for welfare of people |
| Article 39 | Principles of policy |
| Article 39A | Equal justice and free legal aid |
| Article 40 | Organisation of village panchayats |
| Article 41 | Right to work, education, public assistance |
| Article 42 | Humane work conditions and maternity relief |
| Article 43 | Living wage for workers |
| Article 43A | Workers’ participation in management |
| Article 43B | Promotion of co-operative societies |
| Article 44 | Uniform Civil Code |
| Article 45 | Free and compulsory education |
| Article 46 | Promotion of weaker sections |
| Article 47 | Nutrition and public health |
| Article 48 | Agriculture and animal husbandry |
| Article 48A | Environment protection |
| Article 49 | Protection of monuments |
| Article 50 | Separation of judiciary |
| Article 51 | International peace and security |
| PART IV-A: FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES | |
| Article 51A | Fundamental Duties |
| Article | Description |
|---|---|
| PART V: THE UNION | |
| CHAPTER I: THE EXECUTIVE | |
| The President and Vice-President | |
| Article 52 | The President of India |
| Article 53 | Executive power of the Union |
| Article 54 | Election of President |
| Article 55 | Manner of election of President |
| Article 56 | Term of office of President |
| Article 57 | Eligibility for re-election |
| Article 58 | Qualifications for election as President |
| Article 59 | Conditions of President’s office |
| Article 60 | Oath or affirmation by the President |
| Article 61 | Procedure for impeachment of President |
| Article 62 | Election to fill vacancy of President |
| Article 63 | The Vice-President of India |
| Article 64 | Vice-President as Chairman of Rajya Sabha |
| Article 65 | Vice-President acting as President |
| Article 66 | Election of Vice-President |
| Article 67 | Term of office of Vice-President |
| Article 68 | Election to fill vacancy of Vice-President |
| Article 69 | Oath of Vice-President |
| Article 70 | Discharge of President’s functions |
| Article 71 | Matters relating to elections of President/VP |
| Article 72 | Power of pardon, remission, etc. |
| Article 73 | Extent of executive power of Union |
| Council of Ministers | |
| Article 74 | Ministers to aid and advise President |
| Article 75 | Other provisions regarding Ministers |
| The Attorney-General for India | |
| Article 76 | Attorney-General for India |
| Conduct of Government Business | |
| Article 77 | Conduct of Government business |
| Article 78 | Duties of Prime Minister |
| Article | Description |
|---|---|
| CHAPTER II: PARLIAMENT | |
| General | |
| Article 79 | Constitution of Parliament |
| Article 80 | Composition of the Council of States |
| Article 81 | Composition of the House of the People |
| Article 82 | Readjustment after each census |
| Article 83 | Duration of Houses |
| Article 84 | Qualification for membership |
| Article 85 | Sessions, prorogation and dissolution |
| Article 86 | President’s right to address Houses |
| Article 87 | Special address by the President |
| Article 88 | Rights of Ministers & Attorney-General |
| Officers of Parliament | |
| Article 89 | Chairman & Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha |
| Article 90 | Vacation, resignation, removal of Deputy Chairman |
| Article 91 | Deputy Chairman to act as Chairman |
| Article 92 | No presiding during removal resolution |
| Article 93 | Speaker & Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha |
| Article 94 | Vacation, resignation, removal of Speaker/Deputy |
| Article 95 | Deputy Speaker to act as Speaker |
| Article 96 | No presiding during removal resolution |
| Article 97 | Salaries and allowances |
| Article 98 | Secretariat of Parliament |
| Conduct of Business | |
| Article 99 | Oath by members |
| Article 100 | Voting, quorum, and vacancies |
| Disqualifications of Members | |
| Article 101 | Vacation of seats |
| Article 102 | Disqualification for membership |
| Article 103 | Decision on disqualification |
| Article 104 | Penalty for unauthorized sitting/voting |
| Powers, Privileges & Immunities | |
| Article 105 | Powers & privileges of Parliament |
| Article 106 | Salaries of members |
| Legislative Procedure | |
| Article 107 | Introduction and passing of Bills |
| Article 108 | Joint sitting of both Houses |
| Article 109 | Procedure for Money Bills |
| Article 110 | Definition of Money Bills |
| Article 111 | Assent to Bills |
| Procedure in Financial Matters | |
| Article 112 | Annual financial statement |
| Article 113 | Procedure for estimates |
| Article 114 | Appropriation Bills |
| Article 115 | Supplementary grants |
| Article 116 | Votes on account & credit |
| Article 117 | Financial Bills provisions |
| Procedure Generally | |
| Article 118 | Rules of procedure |
| Article 119 | Procedure for financial business |
| Article 120 | Language in Parliament |
| Article 121 | Restriction on discussion |
| Article 122 | Courts not to inquire into proceedings |
| Article | Description |
|---|---|
| CHAPTER III: LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT | |
| Article 123 | Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament |
| CHAPTER IV: THE UNION JUDICIARY | |
| Article 124 | Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court |
| Article 124A | National Judicial Appointments Commission (Unconstitutional) |
| Article 124B | Functions of Commission |
| Article 124C | Power of Parliament to make law |
| Article 125 | Salaries of Judges |
| Article 126 | Appointment of acting Chief Justice |
| Article 127 | Appointment of ad hoc judges |
| Article 128 | Attendance of retired Judges |
| Article 129 | Supreme Court as court of record |
| Article 130 | Seat of Supreme Court |
| Article 131 | Original jurisdiction |
| Article 131A | Repealed |
| Article 132 | Appellate jurisdiction (constitutional matters) |
| Article 133 | Appellate jurisdiction (civil matters) |
| Article 134 | Appellate jurisdiction (criminal matters) |
| Article 134A | Certificate for appeal |
| Article 135 | Jurisdiction of Federal Court |
| Article 136 | Special leave to appeal |
| Article 137 | Review of judgments |
| Article 138 | Enlargement of jurisdiction |
| Article 139 | Power to issue writs |
| Article 139A | Transfer of cases |
| Article 140 | Ancillary powers |
| Article 141 | Law declared binding |
| Article 142 | Enforcement of decrees |
| Article 143 | President’s consultation power |
| Article 144 | Authorities to act in aid |
| Article 144A | Repealed |
| Article 145 | Rules of Court |
| Article 146 | Officers and expenses |
| Article 147 | Interpretation |
| CHAPTER V: COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA | |
| Article 148 | Comptroller and Auditor-General of India |
| Article 149 | Duties and powers of CAG |
| Article 150 | Form of accounts |
| Article 151 | Audit reports |
| Article | Description |
|---|---|
| PART VI: THE STATES | |
| CHAPTER I: GENERAL | |
| Article 152 | Definition |
| CHAPTER II: THE EXECUTIVE | |
| The Governor | |
| Article 153 | Governors of States |
| Article 154 | Executive power of State |
| Article 155 | Appointment of Governor |
| Article 156 | Term of office |
| Article 157 | Qualifications |
| Article 158 | Conditions of office |
| Article 159 | Oath of Governor |
| Article 160 | Discharge of functions |
| Article 161 | Power of pardon |
| Article 162 | Extent of executive power |
| Council of Ministers | |
| Article 163 | Aid and advice to Governor |
| Article 164 | Provisions as to Ministers |
| Advocate-General | |
| Article 165 | Advocate-General for State |
| Conduct of Government Business | |
| Article 166 | Conduct of business |
| Article 167 | Duties of Chief Minister |
| CHAPTER III: STATE LEGISLATURE | |
| General | |
| Article 168 | Constitution of Legislatures |
| Article 169 | Abolition/creation of Legislative Councils |
| Article 170 | Composition of Legislative Assembly |
| Article 171 | Composition of Legislative Council |
| Article 172 | Duration of Legislatures |
| Article 173 | Qualification for membership |
| Article 174 | Sessions, prorogation, dissolution |
| Article 175 | Governor’s address |
| Article 176 | Special address |
| Article 177 | Rights of Ministers & Advocate-General |
| Officers of Legislature | |
| Article 178 | Speaker & Deputy Speaker |
| Article 179 | Vacation/removal of Speaker |
| Article 180 | Deputy Speaker to act |
| Article 181 | No presiding during removal |
| Article 182 | Chairman & Deputy Chairman |
| Article 183 | Vacation/removal of Chairman |
| Article 184 | Deputy Chairman to act |
| Article 185 | No presiding during removal |
| Article 186 | Salaries and allowances |
| Article 187 | Secretariat |
| Conduct of Business | |
| Article 188 | Oath by members |
| Article 189 | Voting and quorum |
| Disqualification | |
| Article 190 | Vacation of seats |
| Article 191 | Disqualification |
| Article 192 | Decision on disqualification |
| Article 193 | Penalty for unauthorized sitting |
| Powers & Privileges | |
| Article 194 | Powers and privileges |
| Article 195 | Salaries of members |
| Legislative Procedure | |
| Article 196 | Passing of Bills |
| Article 197 | Restriction on Council |
| Article 198 | Money Bills procedure |
| Article 199 | Definition of Money Bills |
| Article 200 | Assent to Bills |
| Article 201 | Bills reserved |
| Financial Matters | |
| Article 202 | Annual financial statement |
| Article 203 | Estimates procedure |
| Article 204 | Appropriation Bills |
| Article 205 | Supplementary grants |
| Article 206 | Votes on account |
| Article 207 | Financial Bills |
| Procedure Generally | |
| Article 208 | Rules of procedure |
| Article 209 | Procedure for financial business |
| Article 210 | Language in Legislature |
| Article 211 | Restriction on discussion |
| Article 212 | Courts not to inquire |
| CHAPTER IV: LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR | |
| Article 213 | Power to promulgate Ordinances |
| Article | Description |
|---|---|
| CHAPTER V: THE HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES | |
| Article 214 | High Courts for States |
| Article 215 | High Courts as courts of record |
| Article 216 | Constitution of High Courts |
| Article 217 | Appointment and conditions of Judges |
| Article 218 | Application of SC provisions to HC |
| Article 219 | Oath by Judges |
| Article 220 | Restriction on practice |
| Article 221 | Salaries of Judges |
| Article 222 | Transfer of Judges |
| Article 223 | Acting Chief Justice |
| Article 224 | Additional and acting Judges |
| Article 224A | Appointment of retired Judges |
| Article 225 | Jurisdiction of High Courts |
| Article 226 | Power to issue writs |
| Article 226A | Repealed |
| Article 227 | Superintendence over courts |
| Article 228 | Transfer of cases |
| Article 228A | Repealed |
| Article 229 | Officers and expenses |
| Article 230 | Extension to Union territories |
| Article 231 | Common High Court for States |
| CHAPTER VI: SUBORDINATE COURTS | |
| Article 233 | Appointment of district judges |
| Article 233A | Validation of appointments |
| Article 234 | Recruitment of judicial service |
| Article 235 | Control over subordinate courts |
| Article 236 | Interpretation |
| Article 237 | Application to magistrates |
| PART VII: STATES IN PART B | |
| Article 238 | Repealed |
| PART VIII: UNION TERRITORIES | |
| Article 239 | Administration of UTs |
| Article 239A | Local Legislatures for UTs |
| Article 239AA | Special provisions for Delhi |
| Article 239AB | Failure of constitutional machinery |
| Article 239B | Administrator’s ordinance power |
| Article 240 | President’s regulations for UTs |
| Article 241 | High Courts for UTs |
| Article 242 | Repealed |
| Article | Description |
|---|---|
| PART IX: THE PANCHAYATS | |
| Article 243 | Definitions |
| Article 243A | Gram Sabha |
| Article 243B | Constitution of Panchayats |
| Article 243C | Composition |
| Article 243D | Reservation of seats |
| Article 243E | Duration |
| Article 243F | Disqualification |
| Article 243G | Powers and responsibilities |
| Article 243H | Taxes and funds |
| Article 243-I | Finance Commission |
| Article 243J | Audit of accounts |
| Article 243K | Elections |
| Article 243L | Application to UTs |
| Article 243M | Not applicable to certain areas |
| Article 243N | Continuance of laws |
| Article 243-O | No court interference |
| PART IX-A: THE MUNICIPALITIES | |
| Article 243P | Definitions |
| Article 243Q | Constitution of Municipalities |
| Article 243R | Composition |
| Article 243S | Wards Committees |
| Article 243T | Reservation |
| Article 243U | Duration |
| Article 243V | Disqualification |
| Article 243W | Powers and responsibilities |
| Article 243X | Taxes and funds |
| Article 243Y | Finance Commission |
| Article 243Z | Audit of accounts |
| Article 243ZA | Elections |
| Article 243ZB | Application to UTs |
| Article 243ZC | Not applicable to certain areas |
| Article 243ZD | District Planning Committee |
| Article 243ZE | Metropolitan Planning Committee |
| Article 243ZF | Continuance of laws |
| Article 243ZG | No court interference |
| PART IX-B: CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES | |
| Article 243ZH | Definitions |
| Article 243ZI | Incorporation of societies |
| Article 243ZJ | Board composition and term |
| Article 243ZK | Elections |
| Article 243ZL | Supersession and suspension |
| Article 243ZM | Audit |
| Article 243ZN | General body meetings |
| Article 243ZO | Right to information |
| Article 243ZP | Returns |
| Article 243ZQ | Offences and penalties |
| Article 243ZR | Multi-state societies |
| Article 243ZS | Application to UTs |
| Article 243ZT | Continuance of laws |
| PART X: SCHEDULED & TRIBAL AREAS | |
| Article 244 | Administration of Scheduled & Tribal Areas |
| Article 244A | Autonomous State in Assam |
| Article | Description |
|---|---|
| PART XI: RELATIONS BETWEEN UNION AND STATES | |
| CHAPTER I: LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS | |
| Article 245 | Extent of laws |
| Article 246 | Subject-matter of laws |
| Article 246A | GST provision |
| Article 247 | Additional courts |
| Article 248 | Residuary powers |
| Article 249 | Parliament power in national interest |
| Article 250 | Power during Emergency |
| Article 251 | Inconsistency of laws |
| Article 252 | Legislation by consent |
| Article 253 | International agreements |
| Article 254 | Inconsistency between Union & State laws |
| Article 255 | Procedural requirements |
| CHAPTER II: ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS | |
| Article 256 | Obligation of States |
| Article 257 | Union control over States |
| Article 257A | Repealed |
| Article 258 | Union conferring powers to States |
| Article 258A | States entrusting functions |
| Article 259 | Repealed |
| Article 260 | Jurisdiction outside India |
| Article 261 | Public acts & records |
| Disputes relating to Waters | |
| Article 262 | Water disputes |
| Co-ordination between States | |
| Article 263 | Inter-State Council |
| PART XII: FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS | |
| CHAPTER I: FINANCE | |
| Article 264 | Interpretation |
| Article 265 | Tax only by authority of law |
| Article 266 | Consolidated Funds |
| Article 267 | Contingency Fund |
| Distribution of Revenues | |
| Article 268 | Duties by Union, collected by States |
| Article 268A | Repealed |
| Article 269 | Taxes assigned to States |
| Article 269A | GST on inter-state trade |
| Article 270 | Taxes distributed |
| Article 271 | Surcharge |
| Article 272 | Repealed |
| Article 273 | Grants for jute export duty |
| Article 274 | President recommendation |
| Article 275 | Grants to States |
| Article 276 | Taxes on professions |
| Article 277 | Savings |
| Article 278 | Repealed |
| Article 279 | Net proceeds |
| Article 279A | GST Council |
| Article 280 | Finance Commission |
| Article 281 | Recommendations |
| Miscellaneous Financial Provisions | |
| Article 282 | Expenditure from revenues |
| Article 283 | Custody of funds |
| Article 284 | Custody of public money |
| Article 285 | Union property tax exemption |
| Article 286 | Restrictions on sale tax |
| Article 287 | Electricity tax exemption |
| Article 288 | Water/electricity tax exemption |
| Article 289 | State property tax exemption |
| Article 290 | Adjustment of expenses |
| Article 290A | Payment to Devaswom Funds |
| Article 291 | Repealed |
| CHAPTER II: BORROWING | |
| Article 292 | Borrowing by Union |
| Article 293 | Borrowing by States |
| Article | Description |
|---|---|
| PART XII: PROPERTY, CONTRACTS & SUITS | |
| Article 294 | Succession to property (certain cases) |
| Article 295 | Succession to property (other cases) |
| Article 296 | Property by escheat or bona vacantia |
| Article 297 | Resources vest in Union |
| Article 298 | Power to carry on trade |
| Article 299 | Contracts |
| Article 300 | Suits and proceedings |
| CHAPTER IV: RIGHT TO PROPERTY | |
| Article 300A | No deprivation of property without law |
| PART XIII: TRADE, COMMERCE & INTERCOURSE | |
| Article 301 | Freedom of trade |
| Article 302 | Parliament restrictions |
| Article 303 | Restrictions on legislative powers |
| Article 304 | Restrictions among States |
| Article 305 | Saving of laws |
| Article 306 | Repealed |
| Article 307 | Authority for trade provisions |
| PART XIV: SERVICES UNDER UNION & STATES | |
| CHAPTER I: SERVICES | |
| Article 308 | Interpretation |
| Article 309 | Recruitment and service conditions |
| Article 310 | Tenure of office |
| Article 311 | Dismissal/removal protection |
| Article 312 | All-India services |
| Article 312A | Variation of service conditions |
| Article 313 | Transitional provisions |
| Article 314 | Repealed |
| CHAPTER II: PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS | |
| Article 315 | Public Service Commissions |
| Article 316 | Appointment & term |
| Article 317 | Removal of members |
| Article 318 | Service conditions regulations |
| Article 319 | Restriction on future employment |
| Article 320 | Functions |
| Article 321 | Extension of functions |
| Article 322 | Expenses |
| Article 323 | Reports |
| PART XIV-A: TRIBUNALS | |
| Article 323A | Administrative tribunals |
| Article 323B | Tribunals for other matters |
| Article | Description |
|---|---|
| PART XV: ELECTIONS | |
| Article 324 | Election Commission control |
| Article 325 | No discrimination in electoral rolls |
| Article 326 | Adult suffrage |
| Article 327 | Parliament power on elections |
| Article 328 | State Legislature power on elections |
| Article 329 | No court interference |
| Article 329A | Repealed |
| PART XVI: SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR CERTAIN CLASSES | |
| Article 330 | Reservation for SC/ST (Lok Sabha) |
| Article 331 | Anglo-Indian representation (Lok Sabha) |
| Article 332 | Reservation for SC/ST (States) |
| Article 333 | Anglo-Indian representation (States) |
| Article 334 | Reservation period |
| Article 335 | SC/ST claims in services |
| Article 336 | Anglo-Indian services provision |
| Article 337 | Educational grants (Anglo-Indian) |
| Article 338 | National Commission for SC |
| Article 338A | National Commission for ST |
| Article 338B | National Commission for Backward Classes |
| Article 339 | Union control over tribal areas |
| Article 340 | Commission for backward classes |
| Article 341 | Scheduled Castes |
| Article 342 | Scheduled Tribes |
| Article 342A | Backward classes |
| PART XVII: OFFICIAL LANGUAGE | |
| CHAPTER I: LANGUAGE OF THE UNION | |
| Article 343 | Official language of Union |
| Article 344 | Language Commission |
| CHAPTER II: REGIONAL LANGUAGES | |
| Article 345 | State official language |
| Article 346 | Communication between States |
| Article 347 | Language recognition |
| CHAPTER III: LANGUAGE OF COURTS | |
| Article 348 | Language of SC/HC |
| Article 349 | Procedure for language laws |
| CHAPTER IV: SPECIAL DIRECTIVES | |
| Article 350 | Language for grievances |
| Article 350A | Mother tongue education |
| Article 350B | Linguistic minorities officer |
| Article 351 | Development of Hindi |
| Article | Description |
|---|---|
| PART XVIII: EMERGENCY PROVISIONS | |
| Article 352 | Proclamation of Emergency |
| Article 353 | Effect of Emergency |
| Article 354 | Revenue distribution during Emergency |
| Article 355 | Duty of Union to protect States |
| Article 356 | Failure of constitutional machinery (President’s Rule) |
| Article 357 | Legislative powers during Emergency |
| Article 358 | Suspension of Article 19 |
| Article 359 | Suspension of Fundamental Rights |
| Article 359A | Repealed |
| Article 360 | Financial Emergency |
| PART XIX: MISCELLANEOUS | |
| Article 361 | Protection of President & Governors |
| Article 361A | Protection of publication |
| Article 361B | Disqualification for political post |
| Article 362 | Repealed |
| Article 363 | Bar to court interference |
| Article 363A | Abolition of privy purses |
| Article 364 | Special provisions (ports & aerodromes) |
| Article 365 | Failure to comply with Union directions |
| Article 366 | Definitions |
| Article 367 | Interpretation |
| PART XX: AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION | |
| Article 368 | Power to amend Constitution |
| PART XXI: TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL & SPECIAL PROVISIONS | |
| Article 369 | Temporary legislative power |
| Article 370 | Special status of J&K |
| Article 371 | Special provisions (Maharashtra & Gujarat) |
| Article 371A | Special provision (Nagaland) |
| Article 371B | Special provision (Assam) |
| Article 371C | Special provision (Manipur) |
| Article 371D | Special provision (Andhra Pradesh) |
| Article 371E | Central University (AP) |
| Article 371F | Special provision (Sikkim) |
| Article 371G | Special provision (Mizoram) |
| Article 371H | Special provision (Arunachal Pradesh) |
| Article 371I | Special provision (Goa) |
| Article 371J | Special provision (Karnataka) |
| Article 372 | Continuance of existing laws |
| Article 372A | Power to adapt laws |
| Article 373 | Preventive detention provisions |
| Article 374 | Federal Court provisions |
| Article 375 | Continuance of authorities |
| Article 376 | High Court Judges provisions |
| Article 377 | CAG provisions |
| Article 378 | Public Service Commission provisions |
| Article 378A | AP Assembly duration |
| Articles 379–391 | Repealed |
| Article 392 | President’s power to remove difficulties |
| PART XXII: SHORT TITLE & COMMENCEMENT | |
| Article 393 | Short title |
| Article 394 | Commencement |
| Article 394A | Authoritative Hindi text |
| Article 395 | Repeals |
Schedules of the Constitution of India
| Schedule | Description |
|---|---|
| First Schedule | Names of States and Union Territories |
| Second Schedule | Salaries and allowances of President, Governors, Judges, etc. |
| Third Schedule | Forms of Oaths and Affirmations |
| Fourth Schedule | Allocation of seats in Rajya Sabha |
| Fifth Schedule | Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas |
| Sixth Schedule | Administration of Tribal Areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram |
| Seventh Schedule | Union List, State List and Concurrent List |
| Eighth Schedule | Official languages of India (22 languages) |
| Ninth Schedule | Laws protected from judicial review (subject to basic structure doctrine) |
| Tenth Schedule | Anti-defection law |
| Eleventh Schedule | Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats |
| Twelfth Schedule | Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities |
History of the Indian Constitution
The Constitution of India did not emerge overnight. It is the result of centuries of struggle, freedom movements, and legal reforms. Several events laid the foundation for this monumental document:
India was under British rule for nearly 200 years, during which various laws and acts were passed to administer the country. Some major milestones include:
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Regulating Act of 1773 – Laid the foundation of central administration in India.
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Charter Acts (1813, 1833, 1853) – Expanded British control and reorganized governance.
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Government of India Act, 1858 – Transferred power from the East India Company to the British Crown.
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Indian Councils Act, 1909 – Introduced limited representation for Indians.
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Government of India Act, 1919 – Introduced diarchy in provinces.
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Government of India Act, 1935 – Became the blueprint for the Indian Constitution, as it laid down federal structure, provincial autonomy, and governance systems.
The Need for a Constitution
When India gained independence on August 15, 1947, we faced enormous challenges. The country was divided into India and Pakistan, millions of people were displaced, and there was communal tension everywhere. In this chaotic situation, our leaders realized that we needed a strong constitutional framework to unite the country and establish a stable government.
The British had left behind a complex administrative system, but India needed its own identity and its own rules. We needed a Constitution that would reflect Indian values, protect all communities, and create a system where everyone could live with dignity and equality.
The Constituent Assembly: Architects of Our Constitution
The Constituent Assembly was formed to write India's Constitution. It was like a special committee of very wise and learned people from different parts of India. The Assembly had 389 members initially, but after partition, it was reduced to 299 members.
In 1946, the Constituent Assembly was formed to draft the Constitution. The members were elected indirectly by the Provincial Legislative Assemblies.
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Total Members: 389 (later reduced to 299 after Partition)
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First Meeting: 9th December 1946
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Final Adoption: 26th November 1949
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Enforcement Date: 26th January 1950
Key Figures in the Constituent Assembly:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: Known as the "Father of the Indian Constitution," Dr. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee. He was a brilliant lawyer and social reformer who worked tirelessly to ensure that the Constitution protected the rights of all people, especially those who had been discriminated against.
Jawaharlal Nehru: India's first Prime Minister, Nehru played a crucial role in shaping the vision of modern India. His famous "Tryst with Destiny" speech captured the hopes and dreams of the new nation.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel: Known as the "Iron Man of India," Patel helped unite the princely states and contributed to the federal structure of our Constitution.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad: A great scholar and freedom fighter, he ensured that the Constitution reflected India's secular values.
Sarojini Naidu: One of the few women members, she represented the voice of women and advocated for gender equality.
The Drafting Process: A Labor of Love
The process of writing the Constitution was not easy. It took 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days to complete. The Constituent Assembly held 11 sessions with a total of 166 meetings. Every single article, every word was debated thoroughly.
The drafting process was led by the Drafting Committee, chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, also known as the Father of the Indian Constitution.
Key Facts About the Drafting Process
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Duration: 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days
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Sessions: 11 sessions with 114 days of debates
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Total Cost: ₹6.4 crore (approximately ₹64 lakhs in 1949)
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Sources: The Constitution borrowed features from over 60 constitutions worldwide, including the UK, USA, Canada, Australia, and Ireland.
The members studied constitutions from around the world – the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia, Ireland, and many other countries. They took the best ideas from each and adapted them to suit India's unique needs and circumstances.
Fun Facts About the Indian Constitution
The Constitution of India is not just a legal document; it is a reflection of the country’s history, diversity, and democratic spirit. Behind its formal provisions lie many fascinating facts that make it truly unique. Here are some interesting and lesser-known facts about the Indian Constitution:
The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution in the world. When it was originally adopted in 1949, it contained 395 Articles, 22 Parts, and 8 Schedules. Over time, with numerous amendments, it has grown significantly, reflecting the changing needs of society and governance.
It took nearly three years to complete the Constitution. The Constituent Assembly first met on December 9, 1946, and after extensive debates and discussions, the Constitution was finally adopted on November 26, 1949. In total, it took 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days to complete the drafting process.
The drafting of the Constitution was led by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, who served as the Chairman of the Drafting Committee. Due to his immense contribution, he is widely regarded as the “Father of the Indian Constitution.” However, it is important to note that many other members of the Constituent Assembly also played significant roles in shaping the document.
One of the most unique aspects of the Indian Constitution is that it was not typed or printed in its original form. Instead, it was handwritten in both English and Hindi. The calligraphy was done by Prem Behari Narain Raizada, and each page was carefully crafted with great precision and beauty.
The original Constitution is also a work of art. Every page was decorated by artists from Shantiniketan under the guidance of Nandalal Bose. The illustrations reflect India’s cultural heritage, including scenes from the freedom struggle, ancient history, and mythology.
Although the Constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949, it came into force on January 26, 1950. This date was chosen deliberately because it marked the anniversary of the Purna Swaraj (complete independence) declaration made in 1930. Today, January 26 is celebrated as Republic Day in India.
The Indian Constitution is known for borrowing features from various other constitutions around the world. For example, the concept of Fundamental Rights was inspired by the United States, while the Directive Principles of State Policy were taken from Ireland. The parliamentary system was influenced by the United Kingdom, and the idea of federalism was shaped by the Canadian model.
Despite borrowing from other countries, the Indian Constitution is not merely a copy. It has been carefully adapted to suit Indian conditions, making it a unique blend of global ideas and local needs.
The Constitution originally had only 8 Schedules, but over time, it has expanded to include 12 Schedules. These Schedules contain detailed provisions related to administration, allocation of powers, languages, and more.
The Indian Constitution is often described as a “living document.” This is because it can be amended to adapt to changing circumstances. As of now, more than 100 amendments have been made, demonstrating its flexibility and relevance.
The first amendment to the Constitution was made in 1951. It introduced several important changes, including restrictions on freedom of speech and provisions related to land reform.
India follows a federal system of government, but with a unitary bias. This means that while powers are divided between the Union and the States, the central government holds more authority, especially during emergencies.
The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the land. All laws, policies, and actions of the government must conform to its provisions. If any law violates the Constitution, it can be declared unconstitutional by the judiciary.
The Constituent Assembly held 11 sessions over a period of nearly three years. During this time, more than 2,000 amendments were discussed, debated, and either accepted or rejected before finalizing the Constitution.
The cost of drafting the Constitution was approximately ₹6.4 million at that time. Considering the scale and importance of the task, this was a significant investment in shaping the future of the nation.
The Indian Constitution also provides for a single citizenship for all citizens of India. Unlike some federal countries, where dual citizenship exists, India ensures unity by granting only one citizenship.
Another interesting feature is the inclusion of Fundamental Duties, which were added later by the 42nd Amendment in 1976. These duties remind citizens of their responsibilities towards the nation.
The Constitution ensures independence of the judiciary, which plays a crucial role in protecting the rights of citizens and maintaining the rule of law. The Supreme Court acts as the guardian of the Constitution.
Over the years, the Constitution has evolved through judicial interpretation as well. Landmark judgments have expanded the meaning of various rights, making the Constitution more dynamic and responsive to modern challenges.
In essence, the Indian Constitution is not just a legal framework but a living testament to the vision of a democratic, inclusive, and progressive India. Its richness lies not only in its length but also in the depth of thought and values it represents.
Timeline of formation of the Constitution of India
| Year / Date | Event |
|---|---|
| 1946 | Cabinet Mission Plan proposed the formation of the Constituent Assembly |
| 9 December 1946 | First meeting of the Constituent Assembly held |
| 11 December 1946 | Dr. Rajendra Prasad elected as President of the Constituent Assembly |
| 13 December 1946 | Objective Resolution introduced by Jawaharlal Nehru |
| 22 January 1947 | Objective Resolution adopted |
| 15 August 1947 | India became independent; Constituent Assembly became sovereign body |
| 29 August 1947 | Drafting Committee formed under Dr. B. R. Ambedkar |
| February 1948 | First Draft of Constitution published for public discussion |
| November 1948 – October 1949 | Clause-by-clause discussion and debates in Constituent Assembly |
| 26 November 1949 | Constitution of India adopted |
| 24 January 1950 | Members of Constituent Assembly signed the Constitution |
| 26 January 1950 | Constitution came into force; India became a Republic |
The Government Structure: How India is Governed
| Level | Structure & Description |
|---|---|
| Central Government (Union Government) | |
| President | Head of State; elected by Electoral College; ceremonial head; 5-year term |
| Prime Minister & Council of Ministers | Real executive authority; PM is leader of majority in Lok Sabha; collectively responsible to Lok Sabha |
| Parliament |
Lok Sabha: 545 members, directly elected, 5-year term Rajya Sabha: 250 members, indirectly elected, 6-year term |
| Supreme Court | Highest court of India; guardian of Constitution; final interpreter of law |
| State Governments | |
| Governor | Head of State; appointed by President |
| Chief Minister & Council of Ministers | Real executive authority at state level |
| State Legislature |
Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha): Lower House Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad): Upper House (only in some states) |
| High Court | Highest judicial authority at state level |
| Local Governments | |
| Panchayati Raj (Rural) | |
| Gram Panchayat | Village level governance |
| Panchayat Samiti | Block level governance |
| Zilla Panchayat | District level governance |
| Urban Local Bodies | |
| Municipal Corporation | Governance of large cities |
| Municipal Council | Governance of smaller cities |
| Nagar Panchayat | Governance of towns |
Sources of the Constitution of India
| Source Country | Features Borrowed |
|---|---|
| United Kingdom | Parliamentary system, Rule of Law, Legislative procedure, Single citizenship |
| United States of America | Fundamental Rights, Independence of Judiciary, Judicial Review, Impeachment of President |
| Ireland | Directive Principles of State Policy, Nomination of members to Rajya Sabha |
| Canada | Federal system with strong Centre, Distribution of powers, Residuary powers with Centre |
| Australia | Concurrent List, Freedom of trade and commerce, Joint sitting of Parliament |
| Germany (Weimar Constitution) | Emergency provisions |
| USSR (Russia) | Fundamental Duties, Idea of social, economic and political justice |
| France | Republic, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity |
| South Africa | Procedure for amendment of Constitution, Election of Rajya Sabha members |
| Japan | Procedure established by law |
| Government of India Act, 1935 | Federal structure, Office of Governor, Public Service Commissions, Emergency provisions |
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Conclusion
The Constitution of India is more than just a legal document; it is the guardian of our democracy and the protector of our rights.
It reflects the dreams and aspirations of the people of India. By understanding and respecting our Constitution, we can contribute to the progress and unity of our great nation.
As citizens, let us uphold the values enshrined in the Constitution and work towards building a just and equitable society. After all, the Constitution is not just for the government—it is for each one of us.
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