Explore 1,000+ Legal Resources, Judgments, Bare Acts, Indian Laws, etc

Indian Institute of Legal Studies (IILS)

Indian Institute of Legal Studies (IILS) A Comprehensive Guide to Admission, Courses, Fees, Infrastructure & Career Opportunities at North Bengal's Pr
BCI Approved | UGC Recognized

Indian Institute of Legal Studies (IILS)

A Comprehensive Guide to Admission, Courses, Fees, Infrastructure & Career Opportunities at North Bengal's Premier Law Institution

Introduction to IILS

The Indian Institute of Legal Studies (IILS) stands as one of the most prominent private law institutions in the North Bengal region of West Bengal, India. Established in the year 2010, IILS has rapidly evolved into a distinguished centre for legal education, research, and professional training. The institute is widely recognized as the first law school in North Bengal, marking a significant milestone in making quality legal education accessible to students in this strategically important region of Eastern India.

Located in the picturesque city of Siliguri, nestled in the foothills of the Eastern Himalayas, IILS offers a unique blend of academic rigour and natural serenity. The institution is affiliated with the University of North Bengal and holds approval from the Bar Council of India (BCI), New Delhi — the statutory body that regulates legal education and the legal profession in India. This dual recognition ensures that degrees awarded by IILS are valid across the country and qualify graduates to appear for the All India Bar Examination (AIBE) to practice law in any court in India.

"IILS has evolved into a unique system of imparting legal education not only in the North Bengal region but also as an emerging education and research centre in the SAARC region with the establishment of the Centre for SAARC on Environment Study and Research."

Over the past decade and a half, IILS has expanded its footprint beyond Siliguri, establishing campuses in Cooch Behar and other locations across North Bengal. The institute's commitment to providing affordable yet quality legal education has made it a preferred choice for thousands of students from West Bengal, the Northeastern states, Nepal, Bhutan, and other neighbouring regions. With a student strength exceeding 3,500 and a dedicated faculty of over 21 experienced legal educators, IILS continues to shape the future of the legal profession in Eastern India.

Campus Locations & Accessibility

IILS operates multiple campuses strategically located to serve the diverse student population of North Bengal and surrounding areas. Understanding the geography and accessibility of these campuses is crucial for prospective students planning their academic journey.

Siliguri Campus (Main Campus)

The flagship campus is situated at Dagapur, P.O. Salbari, Siliguri, West Bengal — 734002. Siliguri serves as the gateway to Northeast India and is well-connected by air, rail, and road. The campus is approximately 8 kilometres from Bagdogra Airport and 4 kilometres from Siliguri Junction railway station, making it easily accessible for outstation students. The campus spans a significant area with modern infrastructure designed to accommodate the growing student population.

Cooch Behar Campus

The Cooch Behar campus is located at Jagya Narayan Kuthi, Pundibari, Cooch Behar — 736165, West Bengal. This campus caters specifically to students from the Cooch Behar, Alipurduar, and Jalpaiguri districts. It is approximately 12.6 km from Cooch Behar Airport and 9.8 km from New Cooch Behar Railway Station. Cab and bus facilities are readily available from both the airport and railway station, ensuring smooth connectivity for students and parents.

Campus Address Nearest Airport Nearest Railway Station
Siliguri (Main) Dagapur, P.O. Salbari, Siliguri — 734002 Bagdogra Airport (8 km) Siliguri Junction (4 km)
Cooch Behar Jagya Narayan Kuthi, Pundibari, Cooch Behar — 736165 Cooch Behar Airport (12.6 km) New Cooch Behar (9.8 km)

Recognition, Affiliation & Accreditation

Before choosing any law college in India, it is absolutely essential to verify its approvals and affiliations. A degree from an unapproved institution holds no value for practicing law or securing government employment. IILS meets all mandatory regulatory requirements, ensuring your investment in legal education yields legitimate and recognized qualifications.

Bar Council of India (BCI)

IILS is approved by the BCI, New Delhi. This approval is mandatory for any law degree to be recognized for practicing as an advocate in India. Without BCI approval, graduates cannot enrol with State Bar Councils or appear for the AIBE.

University of North Bengal

The Siliguri campus is affiliated with the University of North Bengal, a reputed state university established in 1962. The Cooch Behar campus is affiliated with Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University.

UGC Recognition

Through its affiliating universities, IILS degrees fall under the purview of the University Grants Commission (UGC), ensuring national validity and eligibility for higher education and government jobs.

Government of West Bengal

The institute operates with necessary permissions and recognitions from the Government of West Bengal, adding another layer of credibility and oversight to its operations.

For students comparing IILS with other institutions, we recommend reading our detailed guide on Law Colleges in West Bengal, which provides a comprehensive comparison of all BCI-approved institutions in the state, including government colleges under the University of Calcutta, Burdwan University, and other major universities.

Courses Offered at IILS

IILS offers a diverse range of law programs designed to cater to students at different stages of their academic and professional journeys. From integrated five-year programmes for fresh Class 12 graduates to three-year LLB courses for graduates and postgraduate LLM programmes, the institute provides multiple pathways into the legal profession.

Undergraduate Integrated Law Programmes (5 Years)

These programmes combine a bachelor's degree with a law degree, allowing students to enter the legal profession immediately after completing their schooling. IILS offers several integrated options:

Course Name Duration Eligibility Approx. First Year Fee
BA LLB (General) 5 Years (10 Semesters) 10+2 with min. 45% marks (40% for SC/ST) ₹2,00,000
BA LLB (Honours) 5 Years (10 Semesters) 10+2 with min. 45% marks (40% for SC/ST) ₹3,20,000
BBA LLB (General) 5 Years (10 Semesters) 10+2 with min. 45% marks (40% for SC/ST) ₹2,00,000
BBA LLB (Honours) 5 Years (10 Semesters) 10+2 with min. 45% marks (40% for SC/ST) ₹3,20,000
B.Com LLB (General) 5 Years (10 Semesters) 10+2 with min. 45% marks (40% for SC/ST) ₹2,00,000
B.Com LLB (Honours) 5 Years (10 Semesters) 10+2 with min. 45% marks (40% for SC/ST) ₹3,20,000

Three-Year LLB Programme

The 3-Year LLB is a professional postgraduate degree exclusively for candidates who have already completed their bachelor's degree in any discipline. This programme is structured into six semesters and covers the core pillars of Indian law. At IILS, the first-year fee for the 3-Year LLB programme is approximately ₹2,00,000, making it one of the more affordable options for graduate students seeking a career switch into law. For a national perspective on 3-year LLB options, explore our article on the Best 3-Year LLB Colleges in India.

Master of Laws (LLM)

IILS also offers a 2-Year LLM programme for students who have completed their LLB and wish to specialize in advanced legal studies. This postgraduate programme opens doors to academic careers, specialized litigation, corporate legal departments, and judicial services. Admission to the LLM programme is typically based on merit in the qualifying examination.

Master of Arts in Public Administration and Governance

Beyond traditional law degrees, IILS offers an MA in Public Administration and Governance, reflecting the institute's interdisciplinary approach and its Centre for SAARC on Environment Study and Research. This programme is particularly relevant for students aspiring towards civil services, policy-making, and administrative law.

Detailed Fee Structure & Financial Planning

Understanding the complete cost of legal education is crucial for students and parents planning their finances. IILS positions itself as an institution offering quality education at relatively affordable rates compared to metropolitan law schools. However, fees vary significantly between the General and Honours programmes.

Course First Year Fee Total Programme Fee (Approx.) Duration
BA LLB (General) ₹2,00,000 ₹6,00,000 — ₹10,00,000 5 Years
BA LLB (Honours) ₹3,20,000 ₹10,00,000 — ₹16,00,000 5 Years
BBA LLB (General) ₹2,00,000 ₹6,00,000 — ₹10,00,000 5 Years
BBA LLB (Honours) ₹3,20,000 ₹10,00,000 — ₹16,00,000 5 Years
B.Com LLB (General) ₹2,00,000 ₹6,00,000 — ₹10,00,000 5 Years
B.Com LLB (Honours) ₹3,20,000 ₹10,00,000 — ₹16,00,000 5 Years
LLB (3-Year) ₹2,00,000 ₹6,00,000 3 Years
LLB (Honours) ₹3,20,000 ₹9,60,000 3 Years

Note: The above figures represent approximate first-year fees. Total programme costs may vary based on annual increments, hostel charges, examination fees, and other miscellaneous expenses. Students are strongly advised to contact the admissions office directly or visit the official IILS website for the most current fee structure. Additionally, late fee payments may attract penalties (typically ₹50 per day), so timely payment is essential.

When evaluating the return on investment, consider reading our guide on Best Private Law Colleges in India, where we analyze fee structures against placement records and infrastructure quality to help you make an informed financial decision.

Admission Process & Eligibility Criteria

IILS follows a merit-based admission process, making it accessible to students who may not have appeared for national-level entrance examinations like CLAT or AILET. This direct admission policy has made IILS particularly popular among students seeking immediate entry into legal education without the intense competition of national entrance tests.

Eligibility Requirements

For 5-Year Integrated Programmes

  • Passed 10+2 or equivalent examination from a recognized board
  • Minimum 45% aggregate marks for General/OBC candidates
  • Minimum 40% aggregate marks for SC/ST candidates
  • No upper age limit as per current BCI regulations

For 3-Year LLB Programme

  • Completed Bachelor's degree in any discipline from a recognized university
  • Minimum 45% aggregate marks for General/OBC candidates
  • Minimum 40% aggregate marks for SC/ST candidates
  • Valid graduation certificate and marksheets

For LLM Programme

  • Completed LLB degree from a BCI-recognized institution
  • Minimum 50% aggregate marks in LLB
  • Some relaxation for reserved category candidates as per university norms

Step-by-Step Admission Procedure

The admission process at IILS is designed to be straightforward and student-friendly, with both online and offline application options available:

Step 1: Initial Enquiry — Prospective students can contact the admissions department via phone (+91-9775509999) or visit the campus to collect the prospectus and application form. For outstation students, virtual counselling sessions are available.

Step 2: Application Form Submission — Fill out the application form with accurate personal, academic, and contact details. The form can be submitted online through the official website or in person at the campus.

Step 3: Document Upload/Submission — Candidates must submit scanned copies or originals of the following documents: Class 10 and 12 mark sheets, graduation degree (for LLB), transfer certificate, migration certificate, character certificate, identity proof (Aadhaar/PAN), passport-sized photographs, and category certificate (if applicable).

Step 4: Application Fee Payment — Pay the non-refundable application fee (approximately ₹500) through the designated payment gateway or at the campus accounts section.

Step 5: Merit List & Counselling — Admissions are granted based on merit in the qualifying examination. Shortlisted candidates are called for document verification and fee payment to confirm their seat.

Step 6: Fee Payment & Enrollment — Pay the first-year tuition fee and other applicable charges within the stipulated deadline to secure admission. Failure to pay on time may result in cancellation of the allotted seat.

Pro Tip: While IILS does not require CLAT scores for admission, students who have appeared for CLAT can still use their scores to strengthen their application. For students specifically targeting NLUs, we recommend our comprehensive guide on Law Colleges in Delhi and other major cities where CLAT-based admissions are the norm.

Infrastructure & Campus Facilities

IILS has invested significantly in creating a conducive learning environment that supports both academic excellence and holistic student development. The institute's infrastructure is designed to meet the requirements of modern legal education, blending traditional classroom learning with digital resources and practical training facilities.

Library & Information Resources

The IILS library is one of its strongest assets, housing over 5,000 volumes of legal textbooks, reference materials, bound periodicals, and journals. The library subscribes to 8 current legal journals and 2 general magazines, ensuring students stay updated with the latest developments in law. Importantly, the library provides access to major legal databases and platforms, including the All England Law Report and various international journals. The digital library initiative allows students to access e-journals and online research engines like Manupatra for comprehensive legal research — a critical skill for modern legal practice.

Moot Court Hall

The dedicated Moot Court facility at IILS provides students with hands-on training in courtroom procedures, advocacy skills, and legal argumentation. Regular moot court competitions, both intra-college and inter-college, are organized to hone the oratory and analytical skills of budding lawyers. This practical exposure is invaluable for students aspiring towards litigation and judicial services.

Computer Lab & IT Infrastructure

The institute maintains a well-equipped, air-conditioned computer laboratory with separate server and networking facilities. High-speed internet connectivity and Wi-Fi zones across the campus enable students to conduct online legal research, access e-learning resources, and stay connected with global legal developments. The IT infrastructure supports the institute's commitment to integrating technology with legal education.

Hostel Facilities

Understanding the needs of outstation students, IILS provides separate hostel accommodation for boys and girls. The boys' hostel has a capacity of 60 seats, while the girls' hostel accommodates 40 students. Hostel facilities include hygienic food prepared in a modern kitchen, common rooms, and on-call medical assistance. The hostel environment is designed to be secure and conducive to academic focus.

Sports & Recreation

Spread across 1.5 acres, the sports complex offers facilities for outdoor games including badminton, football, volleyball, and cricket. Indoor games such as table tennis, chess, and carrom are also available. The institute organizes annual sports events to encourage physical fitness and teamwork among students, recognizing that a healthy body supports a sharp legal mind.

Additional Facilities

Auditorium

A spacious auditorium hosts seminars, workshops, cultural events, and guest lectures, serving as the centre for co-curricular and extracurricular activities.

Cafeteria

The campus cafeteria provides nutritious and affordable meals in a relaxed environment where students can network and unwind between classes.

Transportation

Bus services with GPS connectivity are available for both hostel and day scholars, ensuring safe and punctual transportation across the city.

Medical Facility

A health centre with first-aid facilities and on-call medical staff ensures the well-being of students during campus hours.

Alumni Association

The active Alumni Association facilitates networking, mentorship, and career guidance, connecting current students with successful graduates.

Conference Room

A dedicated faculty and management conference room supports academic discussions, board meetings, and planning sessions.

For students comparing infrastructure across institutions, our detailed article on Law Colleges in Assam provides insights into how institutions in the Northeast region are developing their facilities to match national standards.

Faculty & Academic Excellence

The quality of legal education is fundamentally determined by the faculty, and IILS takes pride in its team of experienced educators. The institute employs over 21 faculty members who bring diverse academic backgrounds and professional experiences to the classroom. Many faculty members hold qualifications from leading national and international universities and have been recognized with prestigious awards for their contributions to legal education.

The faculty composition includes specialists across various domains of law — Constitutional Law, Criminal Law, Corporate Law, Environmental Law, Human Rights, and International Law. This diversity ensures that students receive comprehensive instruction across the entire legal spectrum. The institute also invites practising lawyers, retired judges, and legal experts as visiting faculty to provide practical insights and real-world perspectives that complement theoretical learning.

Beyond classroom teaching, the faculty at IILS is actively involved in research, publication, and organizing academic events. The establishment of the Centre for SAARC on Environment Study and Research demonstrates the institute's commitment to specialized research in areas of regional and international importance. Students benefit from this research culture through opportunities to assist in projects, co-author papers, and participate in symposiums and seminars.

Placements, Internships & Career Opportunities

While IILS is still developing its formal placement infrastructure compared to top-tier NLUs, it maintains a steady record of placing graduates in various legal and allied sectors. The institute's placement cell works to connect students with law firms, corporate legal departments, judicial services coaching, and higher education opportunities.

Placement Statistics

Approximately 25% of graduates find employment through campus drives and direct applications at organizations such as Advocate Mickey Bhargav, Bansal Abhishek & Co, District Courts, and Inmacs Law Firm. While the placement percentage may seem modest compared to premier institutions, it is important to contextualize this within the institute's fee structure and the regional job market.

Career Paths for IILS Graduates

Litigation

Many graduates join the Bar and practice at District Courts, High Courts, and the Supreme Court. The institute's moot court training and legal aid clinics provide a foundation for courtroom advocacy.

Corporate Law

Graduates find roles as legal associates, compliance officers, and contract managers in companies across Siliguri, Kolkata, and other major cities.

Judicial Services

A significant number of IILS alumni prepare for and successfully clear Judicial Service Examinations at the state and district levels.

Higher Education

Many students pursue LLM from reputed universities and eventually enter academia as law professors and researchers.

Legal Journalism

With strong writing and analytical skills, some graduates venture into legal reporting and content creation for media houses and legal portals.

Government & PSUs

Law graduates are eligible for various government positions including Public Prosecutors, Legal Advisors in PSUs, and administrative roles.

For a broader perspective on career opportunities after law, including salary expectations and growth trajectories, refer to our guide on Best 3-Year LLB Colleges in India, which includes a dedicated section on career scope and salary packages across different legal sectors.

Student Life & Extracurricular Activities

Legal education at IILS extends far beyond textbooks and classrooms. The institute fosters a vibrant campus culture that encourages students to develop leadership skills, organizational abilities, and social responsibility. These soft skills are increasingly recognized as essential complements to legal knowledge in the modern professional world.

Moot Court Competitions

The Moot Court Society at IILS is the heartbeat of practical legal training. Regular intra-college moot court competitions prepare students for state and national-level events. Participation in mooting develops research skills, legal drafting abilities, and courtroom etiquette — experiences that give IILS students a competitive edge in internships and early career opportunities.

Legal Aid & Awareness Programs

True to the profession's commitment to social justice, IILS organizes legal aid camps and awareness programs in surrounding communities. Students get the opportunity to interact with real clients, understand grassroots legal issues, and contribute to access to justice initiatives. These programs are not only ethically rewarding but also build the empathy and communication skills necessary for effective legal practice.

Symposiums & Seminars

The institute regularly hosts symposiums, educational seminars, and workshops on contemporary legal issues. Topics range from constitutional developments and environmental law to cybercrime and international trade law. These events feature eminent jurists, academicians, and practitioners who share their expertise and inspire students to think critically about the evolving legal landscape.

Cultural & Sports Events

Annual cultural festivals and sports meets provide much-needed relief from academic rigour and foster camaraderie among students. These events celebrate the diverse cultural backgrounds of the student body, which includes students from Nepal, Bhutan, and various Indian states, creating a truly multicultural learning environment.

IILS in Context: Regional & National Comparison

To make an informed decision, prospective students should compare IILS with other available options. Within North Bengal, IILS is often compared with the Government Law College under the University of North Bengal. While the government college offers lower fees, IILS provides more diverse course options, better infrastructure, and a more structured approach to practical training.

Parameter IILS Siliguri Govt Law College (NBU) NLU Kolkata (WBNUJS)
Type Private Government National Law University
Established 2010 1962 (with NBU) 1999
Courses BA/BBA/BCom LLB, LLB, LLM BA LLB, LLB BA LLB (Hons), BSc LLB (Hons), LLM, PhD
Entrance Merit-Based (Direct) University Entrance CLAT
5-Year Fees (Approx.) ₹6L — ₹16L ₹50,000 — ₹1.5L ₹15L — ₹16L
Infrastructure Modern, Wi-Fi, AC Labs Basic State-of-the-Art
Placement Support Developing Limited Excellent (₹20 LPA avg)

For students willing to explore options beyond West Bengal, our guides on Law Colleges in Uttar Pradesh and Law Colleges in Telangana provide comprehensive directories of BCI-approved institutions across India's most populous states.

Pros & Cons: An Honest Assessment

No institution is perfect, and an honest evaluation of strengths and weaknesses helps students set realistic expectations. Based on student reviews, faculty feedback, and institutional data, here is a balanced assessment of IILS:

Advantages

  • Affordable Fees: Compared to private law colleges in metro cities, IILS offers competitive fee structures, especially for General programmes.
  • No Entrance Exam: Direct merit-based admission eliminates the stress and cost of preparing for national entrance tests.
  • Location Advantage: Proximity to Nepal, Bhutan, and Northeast India provides unique exposure to cross-border legal issues.
  • Diverse Courses: Multiple integrated programme options (BA, BBA, BCom) allow students to align law with their interests.
  • Practical Training: Moot courts, legal aid clinics, and internships provide hands-on learning opportunities.
  • Research Focus: The SAARC Environment Research Centre offers niche research opportunities rarely available at this level.

Areas for Improvement

  • Limited Placements: Formal campus placement opportunities are fewer compared to top-tier institutions; students must actively seek jobs.
  • Infrastructure Gaps: Some student reviews mention the absence of air-conditioning in classrooms and limited campus space.
  • Faculty Experience: While improving, some junior faculty members may lack the depth of experience found in older institutions.
  • Strict Discipline: The institute maintains school-like discipline with fixed timings and restrictions that some students find constraining.
  • Regional Exposure: Being located outside major legal hubs like Delhi or Mumbai may limit access to top-tier internships with national law firms.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Is IILS recognized by the Bar Council of India? Yes, IILS is approved by the Bar Council of India (BCI), New Delhi. Degrees awarded by IILS are valid for enrolment with State Bar Councils and appearing for the All India Bar Examination (AIBE).
Does IILS require CLAT for admission? No, IILS does not require CLAT scores. Admission is based on merit in the qualifying examination (10+2 for integrated programmes, graduation for 3-year LLB). However, CLAT qualifiers may use their scores to strengthen their application.
What is the total fee for a 5-year BA LLB at IILS? The total fee ranges from approximately ₹6 lakhs to ₹16 lakhs depending on whether you choose the General or Honours programme. The first-year fee for General programmes is around ₹2 lakhs, while Honours programmes cost approximately ₹3.2 lakhs per year.
Does IILS provide hostel facilities? Yes, separate hostels are available for boys (60 seats) and girls (40 seats) with hygienic food, common rooms, and medical facilities. Hostel fees are additional to tuition fees.
Can I practice law in other states after graduating from IILS? Absolutely. Since IILS is BCI-approved, graduates can enrol with any State Bar Council in India after clearing the AIBE. Your degree is valid nationwide.
What specializations are available in the LLM programme? IILS offers LLM specializations in areas such as Constitutional Law, Criminal Law, Corporate Law, Environmental Law, and Human Rights. Specific specializations may vary by academic year.
How is the faculty at IILS? IILS employs over 21 faculty members with qualifications from leading national and international universities. The faculty includes specialists in various legal domains, visiting practitioners, and research scholars.
Are there scholarship opportunities at IILS? While IILS does not heavily advertise scholarships, meritorious students and those from reserved categories may be eligible for fee concessions or state government scholarships. Contact the admissions office for current scholarship schemes.

Final Verdict: Is IILS Right for You?

The Indian Institute of Legal Studies (IILS) represents a solid choice for students seeking affordable, accessible, and BCI-approved legal education in the North Bengal region. It is particularly well-suited for:

  • Students who prefer direct admission without the pressure of national entrance examinations
  • Candidates from North Bengal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and Nepal seeking a nearby institution with regional relevance
  • Aspirants interested in environmental law and SAARC-related legal studies
  • Budget-conscious families looking for quality education at reasonable fees
  • Students who value practical training through moot courts and legal aid clinics

However, if your primary goal is immediate placement with top-tier corporate law firms or you seek the prestige of a National Law University, you may need to supplement your IILS education with external coaching, internships in metro cities, and proactive career networking. Success in law ultimately depends more on individual effort, internship quality, and bar examination performance than on the name of the institution alone.

IILS has successfully carved a niche for itself as a pioneer in North Bengal's legal education landscape. With continued investment in faculty development, infrastructure upgrades, and placement cell strengthening, the institute is poised to climb higher in India's legal education rankings. For students who choose IILS, the opportunity is there — it is up to them to seize it through dedication, hard work, and strategic career planning.

Explore More Legal Education Resources

Stay updated with the latest law admission news, exam dates, and career guidance across India.

Visit LawZone.in

Related Articles on LawZone.in

Deepen your understanding of legal education in India with these comprehensive guides from our portal:

Disclaimer: The information provided in this article is for educational and informational purposes only. Fee structures, admission dates, eligibility criteria, and other details are subject to change at the discretion of the Indian Institute of Legal Studies and its affiliating universities. Prospective students are strongly advised to verify all details directly from the official IILS website or by contacting the admissions office before making any decisions. LawZone.in does not guarantee placement or admission and is not affiliated with IILS.

COMMENTS

Loaded All Posts Not found any posts VIEW ALL Readmore Reply Cancel reply Delete By Home PAGES POSTS View All RECOMMENDED FOR YOU LABEL ARCHIVE SEARCH ALL POSTS Not found any post match with your request Back Home Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat January February March April May June July August September October November December Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec just now 1 minute ago $$1$$ minutes ago 1 hour ago $$1$$ hours ago Yesterday $$1$$ days ago $$1$$ weeks ago more than 5 weeks ago Followers Follow THIS PREMIUM CONTENT IS LOCKED STEP 1: Share to a social network STEP 2: Click the link on your social network Copy All Code Select All Code All codes were copied to your clipboard Can not copy the codes / texts, please press [CTRL]+[C] (or CMD+C with Mac) to copy Table of Content