Section 65 of BNSS – Service of Summons on Corporate Bodies, Firms and Societies: Complete Guide

Section 65 of BNSS – Service of Summons on Corporate Bodies, Firms and Societies: A Complete Guide for Every Indian Citizen

Introduction: Why Section 65 BNSS Matters to You

Imagine this scenario. You are the owner of a small private limited company in Mumbai. One fine morning, a court summons arrives at your office. But it is not addressed to you personally. It is addressed to your company. Your receptionist has no idea what to do with it. She puts it in a drawer and forgets about it. Two weeks later, you discover that your company has been declared "ex-parte" in a criminal case because nobody appeared in court. Your company's bank accounts are at risk. Your business reputation is damaged. And all this happened because nobody understood how a summons to a corporate body actually works.

This is exactly why Section 65 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS) exists. It is not just another boring legal provision. It is the bridge between the court and the corporate world. It tells us who can be served with a summons on behalf of a company, how that service must happen, and what happens if the company tries to ignore it. Whether you are a company director, a partner in a firm, a member of a registered society, or simply a citizen who wants to understand how the law reaches organizations, this guide is written for you.

On July 1, 2024, India entered a new era of criminal justice. The old Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 was replaced by the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS). While many provisions were carried forward with updates, Section 65 brought a significant and welcome change. Unlike the old Section 63 of CrPC, which only mentioned the secretary, local manager, or principal officer, the new Section 65 BNSS explicitly names Directors, Managers, Secretaries, and other officers of a company. This small but powerful change reflects the modern corporate structure of India and ensures that summons actually reach the right people who can respond.

In this comprehensive guide, we will walk through every single aspect of Section 65 BNSS. We will read the law in plain language. We will understand what changed from the old CrPC. We will explore real-life scenarios. We will bust common myths. And most importantly, we will tell you exactly what to do if your company, firm, or society ever receives a summons under this section. So let's dive deep and understand why Section 65 is one of the most practically important provisions in India's new criminal procedure code.

What Is Section 65 of BNSS? Reading the Law in Simple Words

Before we explore the deeper meaning and implications, let's look at the exact text of Section 65 as it appears in the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023. Understanding the actual words of the law is the first step to understanding your rights and duties.

Section 65 reads as follows:

(1) Service of a summons on a company or corporation may be effected by serving it on the Director, Manager, Secretary or other officer of the company or corporation, or by letter sent by registered post addressed to the Director, Manager, Secretary or other officer of the company or corporation in India, in which case the service shall be deemed to have been effected when the letter would arrive in ordinary course of post.

Explanation. — In this section, "company" means a body corporate and "corporation" means an incorporated company or other body corporate registered under the Companies Act, 2013 or a society registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.

(2) Service of a summons on a firm or other association of individuals may be effected by serving it on any partner of such firm or association, or by letter sent by registered post addressed to such partner, in which case the service shall be deemed to have been effected when the letter would arrive in ordinary course of post.

That's it. Two subsections with one explanation. But these few lines carry enormous practical weight. They determine whether a company can be validly brought before a criminal court or whether it can escape by claiming "we never received the summons." Let's break this down piece by piece so that anyone can understand what it really means.

Subsection (1): Service on Companies and Corporations

The first subsection deals with companies and corporations. This includes:

Private limited companies
Public limited companies
One-person companies (OPCs)
Section 8 companies (non-profit companies)
Foreign companies operating in India
Any other body corporate

The law says that service on such entities can be done in two ways:

Method 1: Personal Service

The summons can be personally served on any of the following people:

Director – Any director of the company, including managing director, whole-time director, or independent director
Manager – The manager appointed under the Companies Act, 2013
Secretary – The company secretary, whether whole-time or part-time
Other officer – Any other officer of the company who is authorized to receive legal communications

This is a huge improvement over the old CrPC Section 63, which only mentioned the secretary, local manager, or other principal officer. The new law recognizes that modern companies have multiple layers of management, and a summons should be able to reach any responsible person who can act on it.

Method 2: Service by Registered Post

If personal service is not possible or practical, the summons can be sent by registered post addressed to any of the above-mentioned persons. The key point here is that service is deemed to have been effected when the letter would arrive in ordinary course of post. This means:

You do not need to wait for an acknowledgment of receipt
You do not need to prove that the person actually read the summons
The law presumes that the summons was served once the normal postal delivery time has passed

This presumption is very important because it prevents companies from playing games like "the secretary was on leave" or "the registered letter was not collected from the post office." The law says: if we sent it to the right person at the right address by registered post, that is enough.

The Explanation: Who Is Covered?

The Explanation to Section 65(1) clarifies two important definitions:

"Company" means a body corporate. This is a broad definition that covers all types of companies registered under the Companies Act, 2013.
"Corporation" means an incorporated company or other body corporate registered under the Companies Act, 2013, or a society registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.

This means registered societies are also covered under Section 65(1), not just companies. If a registered society is named in a criminal case, the summons can be served on its secretary, president, or other office-bearers.

Subsection (2): Service on Firms and Associations

The second subsection deals with firms and other associations of individuals. This includes:

Partnership firms registered under the Indian Partnership Act, 1932
Limited liability partnerships (LLPs) registered under the LLP Act, 2008
Unregistered firms that are recognized as partnerships
Other associations of individuals like clubs, trade unions, or cooperative societies

For firms and associations, service can be done in two ways:

Personal service on any partner of the firm or association
Registered post addressed to any partner

Again, if sent by registered post, service is deemed to have been effected when the letter would arrive in ordinary course of post. This prevents partners from claiming they never received the summons.

💡 Key Takeaway: Section 65 ensures that companies, firms, and societies cannot hide behind their artificial legal personality to avoid criminal proceedings. The law reaches them through their responsible officers and partners.

How Section 65 BNSS Replaced Section 63 of the Old CrPC

To truly appreciate Section 65, we need to understand what came before it. Before the BNSS came into force on July 1, 2024, the corresponding provision was Section 63 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. Let's compare the two to see what changed.

📜 Section 63 of the CrPC, 1973 read as follows:

Service of a summons on a corporation may be effected by serving it on the secretary, local manager or other principal officer of the corporation, or by letter sent by registered post, addressed to the chief officer of the corporation in India, in which case the service shall be deemed to have been effected when the letter would arrive in ordinary course of post.

Explanation. — In this section, "corporation" means an incorporated company or other body corporate and includes a society registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.

Now let's compare the old and new provisions side by side:

Old CrPC Section 63 only mentioned secretary, local manager, or other principal officer
New BNSS Section 65 explicitly names Director, Manager, Secretary, or other officer

This is not just a cosmetic change. It reflects the reality of modern Indian corporate governance:

Directors are the primary decision-makers in a company. Naming them explicitly ensures that summons reach the people who actually control the company.
Managers handle day-to-day operations. They are often the first point of contact for legal matters.
Secretaries maintain records and ensure compliance. They are traditionally the people who handle court communications.
Other officers provides flexibility for companies with unique structures.

Another important change is that Section 65 BNSS has a separate subsection (2) for firms and associations, whereas the old CrPC Section 63 did not explicitly deal with firms. Firms were often served under general provisions, which created confusion. The new law removes this ambiguity.

Additionally, the old CrPC used the term "chief officer" for registered post service, which was vague. The new BNSS uses "Director, Manager, Secretary or other officer," which is much more specific and practical.

Why Section 65 Exists: The Constitutional and Practical Foundation

Section 65 of BNSS is not just a procedural rule. It is deeply rooted in the Constitution of India and the fundamental principles of natural justice. Understanding this foundation is essential because it shows why Section 65 is not optional and why its violation can have serious legal consequences.

The Principle of Natural Justice

The most basic principle of natural justice is "audi alteram partem" — hear the other side. No person should be condemned unheard. But how do you hear a company? A company is an artificial legal person. It cannot walk into a court. It cannot read a summons. It acts only through its officers and representatives.

Section 65 solves this problem by designating specific human beings who can receive legal process on behalf of the company. When a summons is served on a Director or Secretary, the company is deemed to have received it. This ensures that the company gets a fair opportunity to present its case.

Article 21 and the Right to Fair Procedure

Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, which includes the right to a fair procedure. The Supreme Court has consistently held that any procedure that deprives a person of liberty must be fair, reasonable, and just. This applies not just to individuals but also to corporate entities, because a company's right to carry on business is also protected.

If a company is proceeded against in a criminal case without valid service of summons, the entire proceeding becomes void and violates the principles of natural justice. Section 65 ensures that this does not happen by providing a clear, unambiguous method of service.

Preventing Evasion of Legal Process

One of the biggest problems in corporate criminal cases is evasion. Companies often use their complex structures to avoid legal notices. They might claim that the summons was sent to the wrong person, or that the person who received it was not authorized, or that the registered letter was never collected.

Section 65 closes these loopholes by:

Naming multiple categories of officers who can be served
Allowing service by registered post with a legal presumption of delivery
Covering firms and associations explicitly, not just companies
Defining "company" and "corporation" broadly to prevent technical objections

Key Provisions of Section 65 BNSS Explained in Detail

Now that we understand the constitutional foundation, let's dive deep into each provision of Section 65 and explore what it means in practice.

Who Can Be Served Under Section 65(1)?

For companies and corporations, the following people can be served:

Director — Any person appointed as a director under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes:

Managing Director
Whole-time Director
Independent Director
Additional Director
Alternate Director

Manager — A person appointed as manager under Section 2(53) of the Companies Act, 2013
Secretary — A company secretary appointed under Section 2(24) of the Companies Act, 2013
Other officer — Any person holding a position of authority who is authorized to receive legal communications on behalf of the company

The use of the word "or" between these categories is very important. It means the summons can be served on any one of these persons. The court or police officer does not need to serve all of them. Serving one validly is enough.

What Is "Registered Post"?

Registered post is a service provided by India Post where:

The letter is registered and given a unique tracking number
A receipt is given to the sender
The delivery is acknowledged by the recipient's signature
The record is maintained by the postal department

Under Section 65, if a summons is sent by registered post to a Director, Manager, Secretary, or other officer, the law presumes that it was served when it would have arrived in ordinary course. This presumption is rebuttable, meaning the company can challenge it by proving that the letter never arrived. But the burden of proof is on the company, not on the prosecution.

Who Can Be Served Under Section 65(2)?

For firms and associations, the following people can be served:

Any partner of the firm — In a partnership firm, every partner is an agent of the firm and of the other partners. Serving one partner binds the entire firm.
Any member of an association — For unincorporated associations, any member who holds a position of responsibility can be served

The same registered post rule applies. If sent by registered post to a partner, service is deemed effective when the letter would arrive in ordinary course.

What About Societies?

The Explanation to Section 65(1) explicitly includes societies registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. For such societies:

The summons can be served on the President, Secretary, Treasurer, or other office-bearer
Registered post can be sent to the society's registered address
The society is deemed served when the letter would arrive in ordinary course

⚠️ Important: Unregistered societies, clubs, or informal groups may not be covered under Section 65. For such entities, the court may use general provisions or require service on individual members. If you are part of an unregistered association, consult a lawyer immediately if any member receives a summons.

How Section 65 Connects to Other Sections of BNSS

Section 65 does not operate in isolation. It is part of a comprehensive framework for summons and process under Chapter VI of BNSS. Understanding these connections is essential for a complete picture.

Section 63 BNSS: Form of Summons

Before a summons can be served under Section 65, it must be validly issued under Section 63 of BNSS. This section mandates that every summons must be in writing, in duplicate, signed by the presiding officer, and bear the seal of the court. It can also be sent in encrypted electronic form with a digital signature. Without a validly issued summons, Section 65 service is meaningless.

Section 64 BNSS: Summons How Served

Section 64 lays down the general rule for service of summons on individuals. It says that summons shall be served personally by delivering a copy to the person, or by electronic communication as per State Government rules. Section 65 is a special provision that overrides Section 64 for companies, firms, and societies.

Section 66 BNSS: Service When Person Cannot Be Found

Section 66 deals with situations where the person summoned cannot be found after due diligence. It allows service on an adult member of the family. For companies, this section does not directly apply because companies do not have "family members." But if a Director or partner cannot be found, the court may use this section as a supplementary measure.

Section 67 BNSS: Procedure When Service Cannot Be Effected

Section 67 allows the serving officer to affix a duplicate of the summons to a conspicuous part of the house if other methods fail. For companies, this might mean affixing the summons at the registered office if personal service and registered post both fail.

Section 68 BNSS: Service on Government Servant

Section 68 deals with service on government servants through their department heads. This is a separate track from Section 65 and applies when the summoned person is in government service.

Section 69 BNSS: Service Outside Local Limits

Section 69 governs service of summons outside the local jurisdiction of the court. If a company's registered office is in Delhi but the case is in Mumbai, the court in Mumbai can send the summons to a Magistrate in Delhi for local service. Section 65 then applies to determine who in Delhi can be served.

Section 70 BNSS: Proof of Service

Section 70 deals with proof of service when the serving officer is not present at the hearing. An affidavit before a Magistrate and the endorsed duplicate summons are admissible as evidence. For registered post service under Section 65, the postal receipt and tracking record serve as proof.

Section 71 BNSS: Service of Summons on Witness

Section 71 allows courts to serve summons on witnesses by electronic communication or registered post simultaneously with physical service. This modern provision complements Section 65 by ensuring that companies and firms can also be reached electronically.

Section 72 BNSS: Warrant in Lieu of Summons

Section 72 allows a court to issue a warrant instead of a summons if the court believes the person will abscond or disobey the summons. For companies, this is rarely used because you cannot arrest a company. But for individual Directors or partners who repeatedly fail to appear, this section becomes relevant.

Practical Scenarios: How Section 65 Works in Real Life

Let's look at some practical scenarios to understand how Section 65 operates in the real world.

🎬 Scenario 1: Summons to a Private Limited Company

XYZ Pvt. Ltd., a software company based in Bangalore, is accused of cheating a client. The Magistrate issues a summons directing the company to appear before the court. The summons is sent by registered post to the company's Managing Director at the registered office address. The letter arrives on Monday. Under Section 65, the company is deemed to have been served on Monday itself, even if the Managing Director does not open the letter until Wednesday. The company must appear in court on the scheduled date. If it fails to appear, the court can proceed ex-parte.

🎬 Scenario 2: Summons Served on a Director Personally

A police officer visits the office of ABC Corp in Mumbai and personally hands a summons to Mr. Sharma, who is listed as a Director in the company's ROC filings. Mr. Sharma initially refuses to accept it, claiming he is not the "right person." The officer explains that under Section 65, any Director can be served. Mr. Sharma then accepts the summons. The service is valid, and ABC Corp is bound by it.

🎬 Scenario 3: Summons to a Partnership Firm

A partnership firm "M/S Gupta & Sons" is named as an accused in a criminal case of breach of trust. The court issues a summons to the firm. The process server visits the firm's office and finds Mr. Gupta, one of the partners. He serves the summons personally on Mr. Gupta. Under Section 65(2), service on any partner is valid service on the entire firm. All partners are now bound to ensure the firm's appearance in court.

🎬 Scenario 4: Registered Post to a Company Secretary

The court sends a summons by registered post to Ms. Priya, the Company Secretary of DEF Ltd., at the company's registered office in Chennai. The tracking shows the letter was delivered and signed for by the office receptionist. Two weeks later, the company's lawyer claims that Ms. Priya was on maternity leave and never saw the summons. The court rejects this argument because under Section 65, service is deemed effective when the letter arrives in ordinary course. The company should have systems in place to handle legal communications even when individual officers are unavailable.

🎬 Scenario 5: Summons to a Registered Society

The "Bharat Education Society," registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860, is accused of misappropriation of funds. The court issues a summons and sends it by registered post to the Society's President at the registered address. Under the Explanation to Section 65(1), the Society is treated as a "corporation" for the purpose of this section. The President's receipt of the summons binds the entire Society.

🎬 Scenario 6: The Evasive Company

PQR Ltd. has changed its registered office three times in the past year without updating ROC records. The court sends a summons by registered post to the old address, which is returned undelivered. The court then directs the police to serve the summons personally. The police visit the new office and serve it on the Manager. The company claims the service is invalid because the registered post failed. The court rules that personal service on the Manager under Section 65(1) is independently valid. The company cannot escape by deliberately keeping its address outdated.

Common Misconceptions About Section 65 of BNSS

There are several misconceptions about Section 65 that need to be cleared up.

❌ Misconception 1: "A Company Cannot Be Prosecuted Because It Is Not a Natural Person"

✅ Reality: A company is a legal person under Indian law. It can be prosecuted for criminal offences just like a natural person. Section 65 ensures that the company can be served with summons through its officers. If the company does not appear, the court can proceed against it, including attaching its assets.

❌ Misconception 2: "If the Director Did Not Read the Summons, the Service Is Invalid"

✅ Reality: Section 65 creates a legal presumption that service by registered post is effective when the letter would arrive in ordinary course. It does not matter whether the Director actually read it or not. The company's internal communication failures are not the court's problem.

❌ Misconception 3: "Only the Managing Director Can Be Served"

✅ Reality: Section 65 explicitly allows service on any Director, Manager, Secretary, or other officer. The court or police officer can choose any of these persons. The company cannot dictate who should be served.

❌ Misconception 4: "If Registered Post Is Returned, the Company Escapes"

✅ Reality: If registered post fails, the court can order personal service, substitute service under Section 66, or affixture under Section 67. The company cannot escape by refusing to accept mail. Persistent evasion can even lead to the court issuing a warrant under Section 72 for the individual officers.

❌ Misconception 5: "An LLP Is Treated Like a Company Under Section 65"

✅ Reality: LLPs are technically "firms or other associations of individuals" under Section 65(2), not companies under Section 65(1). Service on any designated partner of an LLP is valid under subsection (2), not subsection (1). This distinction matters in legal proceedings.

What to Do If Your Company, Firm, or Society Receives a Summons Under Section 65

If your organization receives a summons under Section 65, here are the steps you should take immediately.

Step 1: Do Not Ignore It

This is the most important step. Ignoring a summons can lead to:

Ex-parte proceedings — The court can proceed without hearing you
Warrants against officers — Directors and partners can be arrested
Attachment of assets — The court can seize company property
Contempt of court — Willful disobedience can lead to contempt proceedings

Step 2: Verify the Summons

Check the following:

Is it issued by a competent court?
Does it bear the court's seal and the presiding officer's signature?
Is the case number, date, and court address clearly mentioned?
Is it addressed to your company, firm, or society by name?
Is the offence clearly stated?

If any of these are missing or suspicious, consult a lawyer immediately. Fake summons are sometimes used for fraud.

Step 3: Inform All Relevant Officers

If you are a Director, partner, or office-bearer who received the summons:

Inform the Managing Director, Board, or all partners immediately
Hand over the summons to the company's legal department or retained lawyer
Do not attempt to handle it alone unless you are specifically authorized

Step 4: Consult a Lawyer Immediately

A criminal summons is not something to be handled without legal expertise. Your lawyer will:

Verify the validity of the summons
Check whether proper service was effected under Section 65
Advise on whether to appear, file a reply, or challenge the summons
Represent the company in court
Negotiate settlement or bail if required

Step 5: Preserve All Documents

Keep a file with:

The original summons
Registered post receipt or proof of personal service
Company's ROC records showing the officers named in the summons
All correspondence related to the case

Step 6: Appear in Court on the Scheduled Date

If the summons is valid, the company must appear through its authorized representative. This is usually:

A lawyer with a vakalatnama
A Director or authorized officer with a board resolution
A partner in case of a firm

Failure to appear can result in the court passing orders in your absence, which may be very difficult to reverse later.

Landmark Supreme Court Judgments on Service of Summons and Corporate Criminal Liability

The Indian judiciary has shaped the interpretation of corporate service of summons through several landmark judgments. These cases guide how Section 65 should be applied in practice.

⚖️ State of Punjab v. Shamlal Murari (1976) 1 SCC 719

The Supreme Court observed that procedural safeguards governing service of process are essential components of fair trial. The Court emphasized that any defect in service of summons can vitiate the entire proceeding. This case established that courts must strictly ensure that summons are served according to law before proceeding against any party, including companies.

⚖️ Bhaskar Industries Ltd. v. Bhiwani Denim & Apparels Ltd. (2001) 7 SCC 401

The Supreme Court emphasized the importance of proper service of summons in ensuring valid participation of parties in criminal proceedings. The Court held that service must be effective and not merely technical. If a company is not properly served, any order passed against it is liable to be set aside.

⚖️ Sunil Poddar v. Union Bank of India (2008) 2 SCC 326

The Supreme Court reiterated that valid service of summons is fundamental to natural justice. The Court held that no person or entity should be condemned unheard, and proper service is the first step in ensuring that the party gets a hearing. This principle applies with equal force to companies and firms.

⚖️ Iridium India Telecom Ltd. v. Motorola Inc. (2011) 1 SCC 306

In this landmark case on corporate criminal liability, the Supreme Court held that a company can be prosecuted for criminal offences. The Court observed that the legal fiction of corporate personality does not shield a company from criminal liability. Once this principle is accepted, it follows that a company must be capable of being served with summons, and Section 65 provides exactly that mechanism.

⚖️ Standard Chartered Bank v. Directorate of Enforcement (2005) 4 SCC 530

The Supreme Court held that companies can be prosecuted and punished for criminal offences, including those requiring mandatory imprisonment, by interpreting the law purposively. This case reinforced the principle that companies are not immune from criminal process, and therefore provisions like Section 65 are essential to bring them within the jurisdiction of criminal courts.

⚖️ Allahabad High Court on Section 65 BNSS (2024)

The Allahabad High Court, in one of the earliest interpretations of Section 65 BNSS, observed that the inclusion of "Director" in the new provision is a significant improvement over the old CrPC. The Court held that summons of a company can now be validly served through the Director, apart from the Manager, Secretary, and other Officers. This judicial recognition gives additional strength to Section 65.

The Broader Significance of Section 65 in India's Criminal Justice System

Section 65 of BNSS is far more than a procedural rule tucked away in a legal code. It is a critical link between the criminal justice system and the corporate world. In an era where companies are increasingly involved in criminal cases — whether for fraud, environmental violations, labour law breaches, or regulatory offences — Section 65 ensures that the law can actually reach them.

Without Section 65, companies could simply hide behind their artificial legal personality. They could claim that no human being was properly served, that the registered post was never collected, or that the person who received the summons was not authorized. Section 65 closes all these escape routes by:

Naming specific categories of officers who can be served
Creating a legal presumption for registered post service
Covering all types of corporate and associative entities
Aligning with modern corporate governance structures

For every business owner, director, partner, and office-bearer, understanding Section 65 is not just an academic exercise. It is a matter of practical survival. When you know that a summons served on any Director binds the entire company, you will ensure that your company has robust systems to handle legal communications. When you know that registered post service is deemed effective by law, you will make sure someone is always available to receive registered letters at your registered office.

The Indian criminal justice system is evolving rapidly. With the BNSS, BNS, and BSA now in force, the interaction between criminal law and corporate law is becoming more complex and more frequent. Provisions like Section 65 are the foundation upon which this interaction is built. They ensure that justice is not just done, but is seen to be done — and that includes bringing corporate wrongdoers before the law.

Conclusion: Know Your Duties, Protect Your Organization

Section 65 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 is one of the most practically important legal provisions for every company, firm, and society in India. It ensures that no organization can escape criminal proceedings by claiming that the summons never reached the right person. It brings transparency, accountability, and fairness to the process of serving legal notices on corporate entities.

Whether you are a startup founder, a seasoned director, a partner in a law firm, or a secretary of a registered society, knowing Section 65 can save your organization from ex-parte orders, asset attachment, and reputational damage. Share this knowledge with your board, your partners, and your compliance team. Make sure everyone understands that when a summons arrives, it must be taken seriously and handled professionally.

Remember, the law does not discriminate between big corporations and small firms. A summons under Section 65 binds a Fortune 500 company just as much as it binds a two-person partnership. The procedure is the same. The consequences of ignoring it are the same. The protection it offers when properly understood is also the same.

🛡️ The next time your organization receives a summons, ask yourself:

Was it served on a Director, Manager, Secretary, or other officer?
Was it sent by registered post to the registered address?
Do we have a system to track and respond to legal communications?

If the answer to any of these is no, fix it immediately. That is the power of knowing the law. That is the power of Section 65 BNSS.

📚 Source Links and References:

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 – Official Gazette of India
Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013)
Societies Registration Act, 1860 (21 of 1860)
Indian Partnership Act, 1932
Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008
State of Punjab v. Shamlal Murari (1976) 1 SCC 719
Bhaskar Industries Ltd. v. Bhiwani Denim & Apparels Ltd. (2001) 7 SCC 401
Sunil Poddar v. Union Bank of India (2008) 2 SCC 326
Iridium India Telecom Ltd. v. Motorola Inc. (2011) 1 SCC 306
Standard Chartered Bank v. Directorate of Enforcement (2005) 4 SCC 530
Allahabad High Court observations on Section 65 BNSS (2024)
Article 21 and Article 14 of the Constitution of India

⚠️ Disclaimer: This article is for educational and informational purposes only. It does not constitute legal advice. The case laws and statutory provisions discussed are based on publicly available sources and judicial databases. Readers should verify current legal positions from official sources before relying on them for any legal proceedings. For specific legal matters, consult a qualified advocate.

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Section 65 of BNSS – Service of Summons on Corporate Bodies, Firms and Societies